If IPv4 were a car, it would be a 1980s Toyota Hilux technically outdated, but so familiar and rugged that people refuse to stop driving it. Its longevity is due to three main life-support mechanisms, NAT, Secondary Market and Legacy. However, the sxplosion of IoT devices has brought us to the end of the road. Today you can NAT a laptop, but you can’t efficiently NAT 30 billion Internet of Things devices. Smart agriculture sensors or smart meters in city homes require direct, unique addresses to function effectively at scale. While IPv4 isn’t going to vanish overnight we’ll likely be “dual-stacking” for years.